brass fitting

Brass is composed of copper and zinc alloy. If it is only the copper, zinc composition of the brass called on ordinary brass. If it is from the above two kinds of elements called on the various special brass alloy. If the lead, tin, manganese, nickel, lead, iron, copper alloy composed of silicon. Brass has strong wear resistance. Special Brass special brass called it high strength, hardness, corrosion-resistant chemical. Also cutting the mechanical properties are more prominent. From the brass pull into a seamless brass, soft, strong wear resistance. Brass seamless tube heat exchanger and condenser can be used for low temperature piping, the Cross-Harbour transport tube. Manufacturing sheet metal, beams, rods, tubing, such as casting parts. Copper in 62% ~ 68%, plastic-to create pressure equipment.

According brass alloy elements contained in the different types, brass brass is divided into ordinary and special brass two. Pressure processing brass called deformation brass.

1. Ordinary brass

(1) General Organization ordinary brass at room temperature Cu-Zn binary alloy is brass, zinc variation range, so the room temperature organizations were very different. According Cu-Zn binary state diagram (Figure 6), the brass at room temperature three organizations: 35% zinc volume in the following brass, at room temperature microstructure from single-phase solid solution composed of α, α called brass; zinc in the 36% to 46% within the scope of brass, at room temperature by the microstructure (α + β) two-phase component, known as the (α + β) brass (two-phase Brass) ; zinc content in excess of 46 per cent to 50 per cent of the brass, at room temperature microstructure only by β phase, known as β brass. brass fitting

(2) pressure-α processing performance of brass (from the H96 and H65) has a good plasticity, can withstand the cold processing, but α brass in the single-phase heat processing, forging and other vulnerable emerging temperature brittle, with the specific temperature range volume containing Zn vary, generally between 200 to 700 ℃. Therefore, thermal processing temperature should be higher than 700 ℃. Single-phase α Brass temperature brittle zone is the main reason in the Cu-Zn alloy α phase of the region there is a Cu3Zn and orderly Cu9Zn two compounds, in the low-temperature heating in an orderly change to Alloy addition, Alloy in the amount of lead, bismuth and copper forming harmful impurities low melting point eutectic films distributed in the grain boundary, the thermal processing of a rupture between the crystal. Practice shows that, by adding small amount of cerium can be effectively eliminated in the temperature brittle.

Brass two-phase (from the H63 and H59), in addition to Alloy Plastic good α phase, but also emerged from the electronic CuZn-based compounds β-solid solution. Β-phase high temperature with high plasticity, and temperature of β ‘phase (orderly solid solution) hard and brittle nature. Therefore, (α + β) brass should be carried out in the hot forging.brass ball valve

Zinc is greater than 46% to 50% of the β brass because of hard and brittle, not pressure processing.

(3) the mechanical properties of zinc brass because of different mechanical properties are different, Figure 7 is a brass mechanical properties of the zinc vary the curve. For α brass, with the increased volume of zinc, σ b and δ are rising. For (α + β) brass, zinc when volume increased to about 45%, at room temperature strength continues to increase. If further increase the volume of zinc, as Alloy has emerged in the greater fragility of the r (Cu5Zn8 compounds, as the solid solution), the drastic reduction in strength. (Α + β) at room temperature plastic brass were always with the increase in zinc and lower. So zinc in excess of 45% of the copper-zinc alloy no practical value.

2. Special brass fitting

In order to improve the corrosion resistance of brass fitting, strength, hardness and cutting, etc., in the copper - add a small amount of zinc alloy (usually 1% to 2%, the minority of 3% to 4%, and certain individuals of 5% to 6 %) tin, aluminum, manganese, iron, silicon, nickel, lead, elements of a ternary, four or even five yuan alloy, which is complicated brass, also known as special brass.

(1) Zn equivalent coefficient brass complex organizations, according to add elements of brass “zinc equivalent coefficient“ to projections. Because in a small number of copper-zinc alloy joined other alloying elements, usually only the Cu-Zn state diagram in the α / (α + β) phase left or right movement. Therefore, the special brass, brass usually equivalent to the general increase or decrease in the zinc content of the organization. For example, in the Cu-Zn alloy by adding 1% after the silicon, which is equivalent to the Cu-Zn alloy 10 per cent increase in zinc alloy. So Silicon “zinc equivalent“ to 10. Silicon “zinc equivalent coefficient of the“ largest, Cu-Zn in the α / (α + β) phase boundary significant shift copper side, that is strongly reduced α phase. Nickel “zinc equivalent coefficient“ is negative, that is, expansion of α-phase region.

(2) special brass in the performance of special brass α-and β-phase solid solution is diverse complex, the effect of strengthening its larger, and ordinary brass in the α and β phase is the simple solution of Cu-Zn, strengthening effect lower. Although zinc is equivalent multi-solid solution with the simple solution of the dual nature is not the same. Therefore, a small number of multi-alloy enhanced performance is to raise a way. brass fitting

(3) Several special deformation brass pressure on the organization and processing properties

Lead Brass: Brass do not dissolve in the actual lead, the state was free distribution of particles on the grain boundaries. Lead Brass α and their organizations (α + β) two. Α leaded brass because of the harmful effects of lead greater low temperature plastic, it can only cold deformation or hot extrusion. (Α + β) Lead Brass has good high temperature plastic, can be forged.

Tin brass: adding tin brass, and can significantly increase the heat-resistant alloys, especially to raise the capacity of seawater corrosion resistance, the tin brass “Navy brass,“ said.

Tin can into copper-based solid solution, from the solid solution strengthening effect. But with the increase of tin alloy appears in the brittleness of the r (CuZnSn compounds), to the detriment of alloy plastic deformation, the tin containing tin brass of the general 0.5% to 1.5% range.

Commonly used tin brass have HSn70-1, HSn62-1, HSn60-1. The former is α alloy, high plasticity, can be cold and hot pressure processing. After the two brands of alloy with (α + β), the two organizations, and often appeared with a small r, not high temperature plastic, the only state in the thermal deformation.

Brass Manganese: Manganese in solid brass in the greater solubility. Brass by adding 1% to 4% of the manganese, can significantly increase the strength and corrosion resistance of the alloy, without reducing its plasticity.

Manganese brass with (α + β), a commonly used HMn58-2, cold, hot under the pressure of processing performance is quite good.

Rail Brass: Brass Rail, Rail to iron-rich phases of particulate precipitation, as a nucleus and the grain refinement, and can stop recrystallization grain growth, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of alloy technology and performance. Brass Rail in the iron content is usually at 1.5% below their organizations (α + β), a high strength and toughness, good high temperature plastic, may also cold deformation. Popular brands for Hfe59-1 - 1.

Nickel Brass: nickel and copper to form continuous solid solution, a significant expansion α phase. Brass adding nickel brass can be significantly enhanced in the atmosphere and seawater corrosion resistance. Brass Nickel also enhance the re-crystallization temperature, and to develop more small grains.

HNi65 nickel brass-5 with single phase α organizations, has good room temperature plastic, but also in the thermal deformation, but the lead content of impurities must be strictly controlled, and whether the system will be a serious deterioration alloy thermal processing performance.

China first began using brass Zhu Jian Ming Jiajingnianjian. “Brass“ first appeared with respect to the Western Han Dongfang Shuo ((() Shen vary by Arakawa in the “:“ Palace northwest, the brass wall, and that of the imperial palace to. “This“ brass “refers to the copper alloy, Daikao.“ Xintangshu-food goods “are ‘bronze,“ “Brass“ description refers to the respective colors and smelting ore products, is not now the copper-tin alloy and copper Zinc alloy. consultative Hung Song Kui essays “Daye Fu,“ another “for its brass also, there is not a pit, hilly Public Park,“ referring to the refining fire of the copper. term Brass refers specifically copper-zinc alloy, began in the Ming Dynasty, and its records found “that will be Code“: “Jiajing in the cases, Tongbao money 6000000, and that the sharing of the burden of two fire brass 47,272……. “Based on the analysis of the Ming Dynasty coins ingredients found“ that will be Code, “said Zhu Jian real sense of the kind of brass than the emergence of several other copper alloy night many, it is because the brass was in the metal zinc comparison difficulties. zinc oxide in a 1000 ℃ 950 ℃ temperature can be quickly be restored as zinc, and in liquid zinc at 906 ℃ already boiling, so the reduction of zinc metal steam-existence. cooling in response to downturn Steam zinc furnace oxidation to carbon dioxide into zinc oxide, zinc metal to be the condensation must have a special device, which is the use of zinc metal than copper, lead, tin, iron use much later the reason for brass Coining one of the reasons why there late, but in Jiangzhai Yangshao culture sites have been unearthed in a zinc in excess of 20 per cent of the brass-and yellow brass, plastic County, Shandong Sanlihe Longshan Culture in the strata have unearthed two kind of brass cone. Clearly, the emergence of these artifacts brass is not to say that people in the hands of the brass prehistoric smelting technology, but people in the use of Cu-Zn mine at the symbiotic inadvertently obtained. Shang and Zhou dynasties Bronze the volume of zinc are low, usually in the 10 - z order of magnitude. Han dynasty, Xinmang money in the plate of individual Cu-Zn Gan money, and some of the content of zinc in the coin of 7 per cent, but this could not explain the brass and Zhu Jian arising from the Western Han Dynasty Xinmang time because these copper-zinc alloy is very isolated phenomenon, zinc and generally more of the true meaning of brass zinc 15% to 40% of a much smaller, so we think that these zinc is the coins in the Han Dynasty, “Hill Zhuqian that“ the use of copper-zinc ore at the symbiotic. According to a survey of the mine found Shandong Changwei, Yantai, Linyi and Hubei, and other places have rich resources of copper Symbiosis zinc mine, which makes the smelting of copper containing a small portion of zinc. to the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Jian materials standardization, Suozhu trip to the coin of the content of zinc are constant.

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10 Things to Make a Meeting Exciting

The boss walks in your office and casually asks you to increase sales by 20% and he has given you three days to complete the task. You are a little surprised by the request but you gladly accept the assignment. Before he leaves your office he asks you to cut the cost of doing business by 30%. He has kindly given you five days to complete the task. Some may be horrified by the assignments but you smile and tell your boss you will give it your best effort. Later in the day, he walks back in your office and says something that’s frightening. You begin to sweat. He has asked you to do something that’s almost impossible. He has asked you to make the next company meeting exciting. He can hear you gasping. You want to scream “Please give this assignment to someone else.” You want to shout “That’s an out of this world task.” You calm down, find some courage and boldly take the assignment. You can’t think small. Handing out hats won’t be sufficient. Telling a cute story won’t be enough. Here are 10 things you can do to keep a meeting exciting:

1. Announce to the group that during the meeting you will be mentioning three things that are not true. Inform the attendees the untrue remarks might be personal or about business. The people who come up with the three incorrect comments partake in a raffle and the winner receives a free dinner for two at a posh restaurant or perhaps they get Friday off with pay. People will be intently listening and it will add some fun to the meeting.

2. Have the CEO of the company enter the meeting and gladly refill coffee cups and water glasses. Perhaps he’s wearing a tuxedo. He offers people a pillow for their chairs. The CEO provides tasty snack to the attendees. He passes out teddy bears to everyone. The CEO enters the meeting several times and doesn’t say a word. This will create anticipation and smiles.

3. Hire a temporary employee to bring in numerous boxes, one at a time and stack them in a corner. If someone gets curious and asks you what’s in the boxes tell him you can’t talk about it until the meeting is over. Have the temporary employee shake his head as he leaves the room and ask you “Are you sure you want these boxes in here?” Contemplate for a little bit and say “I think so.” For added excitement have an alarm go off in one of the boxes. Get up, grab the alarm clock and without people noticing, set it ring in 10 minutes. Repeat the process several times. At the end of the meeting open the boxes and pull out some tasty snacks or gift certificates for the attendees.

4. Have an employee occasionally enter the meeting room and ask you “Have you told them yet?” Answer “No I have not.” This will make the employees curious and alert. Each time he walks in the room he wears a different color tie. At the end of the meeting ask the employees to write down the colors of ties he wore. The people who correctly write down the colors of ties win a prize.

5. Throughout the meeting ask everyone to perform an outrageous task that must be completed by the next meeting. For example, ask the manager of the advertising department to obtain free advertising for the company on national television. If they respond in disbelief simply say “You heard me.” Everyone will wonder what outrageous assignment will be tossed their way during the meeting and the anticipation will add some excitement to the meeting.

6. Hire a comedian to sit in the meeting and take notes. Frequently ask him to repeat comments that the attendees have made. Have him intentionally misquote them. The incorrect quotes cause the attendees to seem arrogant, rude, silly, selfish etc. For example, “My intelligence is simply astonishing.” Have the comedian misquote a response a timid employee made to one of your comments, “Boss, that’s outrageous and I simply won’t allow it.” Smile and the group will laugh.

7. Hire a singer to attend the meeting. Inform the group the new employee was highly recommended by an employment agency and will be a great asset to the company. Whenever you ask him questions he responds by singing answers in different music styles; perhaps with a country music slant or hip hop. Simply shake your head after he sings.

8. Have an artist sit in the room and make caricature portraits of attendees of the meeting. Keeping the portraits a mystery until the end of the meeting will add some excitement. Let the employees place their portrait in their office or take it home to show their family and friends.

9. Inform the attendees there will be a quiz on the content of the meeting. The person who has the most correct answers wins a desirable prize. The employees will be paying more attention during the meeting.

10. Without informing the attendees of the upcoming quiz, sprinkle famous quotes from movies into the meeting. Place the quotes in awkward situations in order to make the employees curious about the use of the movie quotes. Whoever writes down the most quotes that are accompanied by the correct movie wins a prize.

Don’t just have a goal to make the meeting interesting or appealing; make the meeting exciting. The employees will appreciate your effort and it will create a wonderful rapport with the employees. Be innovative once in awhile and you will have a happier office.

Many of these tips can work well for face to face meetings and even Web conferencing meetings. If you are planning an audio only teleconference meeting Numbers 1, 4, 5, 9, and even 10 will spice up your conference calls. It’s time to get creative with your own meetings and “think outside the box” when it comes to keeping your meetings exciting!

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How To Stay Focussed And Build Your Business

You have a detailed business plan, which showed the overall intent of your company. You presented the business plan to your bank before start-up and they submitted funding in the amount that you both deemed acceptable. The original business plan contained the basis of the procedures that will help you stay focused while the company grows. Let‘s examine some of these processes that you will use to give your business the focus it needs to grow and succeed.

1. A marketing plan. If sales are a part of your operation (and it seems that some form of selling is always a big part of every company), then, you will need to have your sales group focused on a marketing plan. Short term and longer-term analysis should be a part of this planning and will likely contain an analysis of your competition, market potential and sales projections. Be careful not to fall into the trap of letting “the business take care of itself”, stay focused at all times and be sure your managers are tuned into this market monitoring regularly, nothing is more defeating to the general manager/owner than to be told by a sales manager…I didn‘t see that coming! YIKES!

2. Accounting procedures. If sales are important, then the need to stay focused on receiving the proceeds from sales is equally important. Accounts payable, expenses and accounts receivable need to have fixed procedures in place to allow money to flow freely through the company coffers. Focusing on these procedures at regular weekly and monthly meetings will put the accounting and marketing groups on the same path. A rift between marketing and accounting is a common bureaucratic occurrence; so don‘t be surprised if one point you hear from someone from sales state, “We make the money here, how come I have to live by their rules?” Getting these two operations to stay focused on a bottom line results oriented approach is a regular part of an owner‘s job description.

3. Human resources. If you have ever worked for a manager, who considered his employees as expenses rather than assets, then you will be familiar with the need for managers to stay focused on human resources within the company. A manager who is fixated on staff reduction regardless of their accomplishments will create an atmosphere of fear. Certainly, no one wants to be grossly over-staffed, but a good owner/manager will focus on keeping adequate employee base numbers, and ensure continuing training, safety programs and top of the line employee benefits. It‘s your campground, why not have “happy campers?”

4. Selling your business. This does not mean selling in the true literal sense. It means focusing on being sure your company image is one that is the envy of your competitors and is known in the business world as a first class operation. You can do this by having key managers attending industry conferences. Be clear and tell them that their focus at these seminars is to network, thoroughly gathering as much new information that they can. They should also ‘sell‘ other attendees on the importance and efficiency of their company in the industry. Upon their return, have follow-up meetings with these managers where they will report in detail on what they have learned. Managers attending conventions and seminars should take opportunities to enjoy themselves, nevertheless, they will be the “face” of your company, it‘s wise be sure that they focus on making them business meetings, and not all “playtime.”

If planning, organizing, staffing, direction and control are five major factors in managing a company, staying focused throughout the process, is paramount!

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